Sharpe Ratio Z-ScoreThis indicator calculates the Sharpe Ratio and its Z-Score , which are used to evaluate the risk-adjusted return of an asset over a given period. The Sharpe Ratio is computed using the average return and the standard deviation of returns, while the Z-Score standardizes this ratio to assess how far the current Sharpe Ratio deviates from its historical average.
The Sharpe Ratio is a measure of how much return an investment has generated relative to the risk it has taken. In the context of this script, the risk-free rate is assumed to be 0, but in real applications, it would typically be the return on a safe investment, like a Treasury bond. A higher Sharpe Ratio indicates that the investment's returns are higher compared to its risk, making it a more favorable investment. Conversely, a lower Sharpe Ratio suggests that the investment may not be worth the risk.
Calculation:
Daily Returns Calculation: The script calculates the daily return of the asset. This measures the percentage change in the asset’s closing price from one period to the next.
Sharpe Ratio Calculation: The Sharpe Ratio is calculated by taking the average daily return and dividing it by the standard deviation of the returns, then multiplying by the square root of the period length.
Usage:
Traders and Investors can use the Sharpe Ratio to evaluate how well the asset is compensating for risk. A high Sharpe Ratio indicates a high return per unit of risk, whereas a low or negative Sharpe Ratio suggests poor risk-adjusted returns. In overbought times, an asset would have high/positive returns per unit of risk. In oversold times, an asset would have low/negative returns per unit of risk.
The Z-Score provides a way to compare the current Sharpe Ratio to its historical distribution, offering a more standardized view of how extreme or typical the current ratio is.
Positive Z-score: Indicates that the asset's return is significantly lower than its risk, suggesting potential oversold conditions.
Negative Z-score: Indicates that the asset's return is significantly higher than its risk, suggesting potential overbought conditions.
Red Zone (-3 to -2): Strong overbought conditions.
Green Zone (2 to 3): Strong oversold conditions.
Sharpe Ratio Limitations:
While the Sharpe Ratio is widely used to evaluate risk-adjusted returns, it has its limitations.
Fat Tails: It assumes that returns are normally distributed and does not account for extreme events or "fat tails" in the return distribution. This can be problematic for assets like cryptocurrencies, which may experience large, sudden price swings that skew the return distribution.
Single Risk Factor: The Sharpe Ratio only considers standard deviation (total volatility) as a measure of risk, ignoring other types of risks like skewness or kurtosis, which may also impact an asset’s performance.
Time Frame Sensitivity: The accuracy of the Sharpe Ratio and its Z-Score is heavily influenced by the time frame chosen for the calculation. A longer period may smooth out short-term fluctuations, while a shorter period might be more sensitive to recent volatility.
Overbought and Oversold Zones: The script marks overbought and oversold conditions based on the Z-Score, but this is not a guarantee of market reversal. It’s important to combine this tool with other technical indicators and fundamental analysis for a more comprehensive market evaluation.
Volatility: The Sharpe Ratio and Z-Score depend on the volatility (standard deviation) of the asset’s returns. For highly volatile assets, such as cryptocurrencies, the Sharpe Ratio may not fully capture the true risk or may be misleading if the volatility is transient.
Doesn't Account for Downside Risk: The Sharpe Ratio treats upside and downside volatility equally, which may not reflect how investors perceive risk. Some investors may be more concerned with downside risk, which the Sharpe Ratio does not distinguish from upside fluctuations.
Important Considerations:
The Sharpe Ratio should not be used in isolation. While it provides valuable insights into risk-adjusted returns, it is important to combine it with other performance and risk indicators to form a more comprehensive market evaluation. Relying solely on the Sharpe Ratio may lead to misleading conclusions, particularly in volatile or non-normally distributed markets.
When integrated into a broader investment strategy, the Sharpe Ratio can help traders and investors better assess the risk-return profile of an asset, identifying periods of potential overperformance or underperformance. However, it should be used alongside other tools to ensure more informed decision-making, especially in highly fluctuating markets.
Sharpe
Leonid's Bitcoin Sharpe RatioThe Sharpe ratio is an old formula used to value the risk-adjusted return of an asset. It was developed by Nobel Laureate William F. Sharpe. In this case, I have applied it to Bitcoin with an adjustable look-back date.
The Sharpe Ratio shows you the average return earned after subtracting out the risk-free rate per unit of volatility (I've defaulted this to 0.02 ).
Volatility is a measure of the price fluctuations of an asset or portfolio. Subtracting the risk-free rate from the mean return allows you to understand what the extra returns are for taking the risk.
If the indicator is flashing red, Bitcoin is temporarily overbought (expensive).
If the indicator is flashing green, Bitcoin is temporarily oversold (cheap).
The goal of this indicator is to signal out local tops & bottoms. It can be adjusted as far as the lookback time but I have found 25-26 days to be ideal.
Risk Radar ProThe "Risk Radar Pro" indicator is a sophisticated tool designed to help investors and traders assess the risk and performance of their investments over a specified period. This presentation will explain each component of the indicator, how to interpret the results, and the advantages compared to traditional metrics.
The "Risk Radar Pro" indicator includes several key metrics:
● Beta
● Maximum Drawdown
● Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
● Annualized Volatility
● Dynamic Sharpe Ratio
● Dynamic Sortino Ratio
Each of these metrics is dynamically calculated using data from the entire selected period, providing a more adaptive and accurate measure of performance and risk.
1. Start Date
● Description: The date from which the calculations begin.
● Interpretation: This allows the user to set a specific period for analysis, ensuring that all metrics reflect the performance from this point onward.
2. Beta
● Description: Beta measures the volatility or systematic risk of the instrument relative to a reference index (e.g., SPY).
● Interpretation: A beta of 1 indicates that the instrument moves with the market. A beta greater than 1 indicates more volatility than the market, while a beta less than 1 indicates less volatility.
● Advantages: Unlike classic beta, which typically uses fixed historical intervals, this dynamic beta adjusts to market changes over the entire selected period, providing a more responsive measure.
3. Maximum Drawdown
● Description: The maximum observed loss from a peak to a trough before a new peak is achieved.
● Interpretation: This shows the largest single drop in value during the specified period. It is a critical measure of downside risk.
● Advantages: By tracking the maximum drawdown dynamically, the indicator can provide timely alerts when significant losses occur, allowing for better risk management.
4. Annualized Performance
● Description: The mean annual growth rate of the investment over the specified period.
● Interpretation: The Annualized Performance represents the smoothed annual rate at which the investment would have grown if it had grown at a steady rate.
● Advantages: This dynamic calculation reflects the actual long-term growth trend of the investment rather than relying on a fixed time frame.
5. Annualized Volatility
● Description: Measures the degree of variation in the instrument's returns over time, expressed as a percentage.
● Interpretation: Higher volatility indicates greater risk, as the investment's returns fluctuate more.
● Advantages: Annualized volatility calculated over the entire selected period provides a more accurate measure of risk, as it includes all market conditions encountered during that time.
6. Dynamic Sharpe Ratio
● Description: Measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment relative to its volatility.
● Choice of Risk-Free Rate Ticker: Users can select a ticker symbol to represent the risk-free rate in Sharpe ratio calculations. The default option is US03M, representing the 3-month US Treasury bill.
● Interpretation: A higher Sharpe ratio indicates better risk-adjusted returns. This ratio accounts for the risk-free rate to provide a comparison with risk-free investments.
● Advantages: By using returns and volatility over the entire period, the dynamic Sharpe ratio adjusts to changes in market conditions, offering a more accurate measure than traditional static calculations.
7. Dynamic Sortino Ratio
● Description: Similar to the Sharpe ratio, but focuses only on downside risk.
Interpretation: A higher Sortino ratio indicates better risk-adjusted returns, focusing solely on negative returns, which are more relevant to risk-averse investors.
● Choice of Risk-Free Rate Ticker: Similarly, users can choose a ticker symbol for the risk-free rate in Sortino ratio calculations. By default, this is also set to US03M.
● Advantages: This ratio's dynamic calculation considering the downside deviation over the entire period provides a more accurate measure of risk-adjusted returns in volatile markets.
Comparison with Basic Metrics
● Static vs. Dynamic Calculations: Traditional metrics often use fixed historical intervals, which may not reflect current market conditions. The dynamic calculations in "Risk Radar Pro" adjust to market changes, providing more relevant and timely information.
● Comprehensive Risk Assessment: By including metrics like maximum drawdown, Sharpe ratio, and Sortino ratio, the indicator provides a holistic view of both upside potential and downside risk.
● User Customization: Users can customize the start date, reference index, risk-free rate, and table position, tailoring the indicator to their specific needs and preferences.
Conclusion
The "Risk Radar Pro" indicator is a powerful tool for investors and traders looking to assess and manage risk more effectively. By providing dynamic, comprehensive metrics, it offers a significant advantage over traditional static calculations, ensuring that users have the most accurate and relevant information to make informed decisions.
The "Risk Radar Pro" indicator provides analytical tools and metrics for informational purposes only. It is not intended as financial advice. Users should conduct their own research and consider their individual risk tolerance and investment objectives before making any investment decisions based on the indicator's outputs. Trading and investing involve risks, including the risk of loss. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
Sharpe and Sortino Ratios█ OVERVIEW
This indicator calculates the Sharpe and Sortino ratios using a chart symbol's periodic price returns, offering insights into the symbol's risk-adjusted performance. It features the option to calculate these ratios by comparing the periodic returns to a fixed annual rate of return or the returns from another selected symbol's context.
█ CONCEPTS
Returns, risk, and volatility
The return on an investment is the relative gain or loss over a period, often expressed as a percentage. Investment returns can originate from several sources, including capital gains, dividends, and interest income. Many investors seek the highest returns possible in the quest for profit. However, prudent investing and trading entails evaluating such returns against the associated risks (i.e., the uncertainty of returns and the potential for financial losses) for a clearer perspective on overall performance and sustainability.
The profitability of an investment typically comes at the cost of enduring market swings, noise, and general uncertainty. To navigate these turbulent waters, investors and portfolio managers often utilize volatility , a measure of the statistical dispersion of historical returns, as a foundational element in their risk assessments because it provides a tangible way to gauge the uncertainty in returns. High volatility suggests increased uncertainty and, consequently, higher risk, whereas low volatility suggests more stable returns with minimal fluctuations, implying lower risk. These concepts are integral components in several risk-adjusted performance metrics, including the Sharpe and Sortino ratios calculated by this indicator.
Risk-free rate
The risk-free rate represents the rate of return on a hypothetical investment carrying no risk of financial loss. This theoretical rate provides a benchmark for comparing the returns on a risky investment and evaluating whether its excess returns justify the risks. If an investment's returns are at or below the theoretical risk-free rate or the risk premium is below a desired amount, it may suggest that the returns do not compensate for the extra risk, which might be a call to reassess the investment.
Since the risk-free rate is a theoretical concept, investors often utilize proxies for the rate in practice, such as Treasury bills and other government bonds. Conventionally, analysts consider such instruments "risk-free" for a domestic holder, as they are a form of government obligation with a low perceived likelihood of default.
The average yield on short-term Treasury bills, influenced by economic conditions, monetary policies, and inflation expectations, has historically hovered around 2-3% over the long term. This range also aligns with central banks' inflation targets. As such, one may interpret a value within this range as a minimum proxy for the risk-free rate, as it may correspond to the minimum rate required to maintain purchasing power over time. This indicator uses a default value of 2% as the risk-free rate in its Sharpe and Sortino ratio calculations. Users can adjust this value from the "Risk-free rate of return" input in the "Settings/Inputs" tab.
Sharpe and Sortino ratios
The Sharpe and Sortino ratios are two of the most widely used metrics that offer insight into an investment's risk-adjusted performance . They provide a standardized framework to compare the effectiveness of investments relative to their perceived risks. These metrics can help investors determine whether the returns justify the risks taken to achieve them, promoting more informed investment decisions.
Both metrics measure risk-adjusted performance similarly. However, they have some differences in their formulas and their interpretation:
1. Sharpe ratio
The Sharpe ratio , developed by Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe, measures the performance of an investment compared to a theoretically risk-free asset, adjusted for the investment risk. The ratio uses the following formula:
Sharpe Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑎
Where:
• 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment
• 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return
• 𝜎𝑎 = Standard deviation of the investment's returns (volatility)
A higher Sharpe ratio indicates a more favorable risk-adjusted return, as it signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in total perceived risk.
2. Sortino ratio
The Sortino ratio is a modified form of the Sharpe ratio that only considers downside volatility , i.e., the volatility of returns below the theoretical risk-free benchmark. Although it shares close similarities with the Sharpe ratio, it can produce very different values, especially when the returns do not have a symmetrical distribution, since it does not penalize upside and downside volatility equally. The ratio uses the following formula:
Sortino Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑑
Where:
• 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment
• 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return
• 𝜎𝑑 = Downside deviation (standard deviation of negative excess returns, or downside volatility)
The Sortino ratio offers an alternative perspective on an investment's return-generating efficiency since it does not consider upside volatility in its calculation. A higher Sortino ratio signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in perceived downside risk.
The risk-free rate (𝑅𝑓) in the numerator of both ratio formulas acts as a baseline for comparing an investment's performance to a theoretical risk-free alternative. By subtracting the risk-free rate from the expected return (𝑅𝑎−𝑅𝑓), the numerator essentially represents the risk premium of the investment.
Comparison with another symbol
In addition to the conventional Sharpe and Sortino ratios, which compare an instrument's returns to a risk-free rate, this indicator can also compare returns to a user-specified benchmark symbol , allowing the calculation of Information ratios .
An Information ratio is a generalized form of the Sharpe ratio that compares an investment's returns to a risky benchmark , such as SPY, rather than a risk-free rate. It measures the investment's active return (the difference between its returns and the benchmark returns) relative to its tracking error (i.e., the volatility of the active return) using the following formula:
𝐼𝑅 = (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑏) / 𝑇𝐸
Where:
• 𝑅𝑝 = Average return on the portfolio or investment
• 𝑅𝑏 = Average return from the benchmark instrument
• 𝑇𝐸 = Tracking error (volatility of 𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑏)
Comparing returns to a benchmark instrument rather than a theoretical risk-free rate offers unique insights into risk-adjusted performance. Higher Information ratios signify that the investment produced higher active returns per unit of increase in risk relative to the benchmark. Conventional choices for non-risk-free benchmarks include major composite indices like the S&P 500 and DJIA, as the resulting ratios can provide insight into the effectiveness of an investment relative to the broader market.
Users can enable this generalized calculation for both the Sharpe and Sortino ratios by selecting the "Benchmark symbol returns" option from the "Benchmark type" dropdown in the "Settings/Inputs" tab.
It's crucial to note that this indicator compares the charts symbol's rate of change (return) to the rate of change in the benchmark symbol. Consequently, not all symbols available on TradingView are suitable for use with these ratios due to the nature of what their values represent. For instance, using a bond as a benchmark will produce distorted results since each bar's values represent yields rather than prices, meaning it compares the rate of change in the yield. To maintain consistency and relevance in the calculated ratios, ensure the values from the compared symbols strictly represent price information.
█ FEATURES
This indicator provides traders with two widely used metrics for assessing risk-adjusted performance, generalized to allow users to compare the chart symbol's price returns to a fixed risk-free rate or the returns from another risky symbol. Below are the key features of this indicator:
Timeframe selection
The "Returns timeframe" input determines the timeframe of the calculated price returns. Users can select any value greater than or equal to the chart's timeframe. The default timeframe is "1M".
Periodic returns tracking
This indicator compounds and collects requested price returns from the selected timeframe over monthly or daily periods, similar to how the Broker Emulator works when calculating strategy performance metrics on trade data. It employs the following logic:
• Track returns over monthly periods if the chart's data spans at least two months.
• Track returns over daily periods if the chart's data spans at least two days but not two months.
• Do not track or collect returns if the data spans less than two days, as the amount of data is insufficient for meaningful ratio calculations.
The indicator uses the returns collected from up to a specified number of periods to calculate the Sharpe and Sortino ratios, depending on the available historical data. It also uses these periodic returns to calculate the average returns it displays in the Data Window.
Users can control the maximum number of periods the indicator analyzes with the "Max no. of periods used" input in the "Settings/Inputs" tab. The default value is 60 periods.
Benchmark specification
The "Benchmark return type" input specifies the benchmark type the indicator compares to the chart symbol's returns in the ratio calculations. It features the following two options:
• "Risk-free rate of return (%)": Compares the price returns to a user-specified annual rate of return representing a theoretical risk-free rate (e.g., 2%).
• "Benchmark symbol return": Compares the price returns to a selected benchmark symbol (e.g., "AMEX:SPY) to calculate Information ratios.
When comparing a chart symbol's returns to a specified benchmark symbol, this indicator aligns the times of data points from the benchmark with the times of data points from the chart's symbol to facilitate a fair comparison between symbols with different active sessions.
Visualization and display
• The indicator displays the periodic returns requested from the specified "Returns timeframe" in a separate pane. The plot includes dynamic colors to signify positive and negative returns.
• When the "Returns timeframe" value represents a higher timeframe, the indicator displays background highlights on the main chart pane to signify when a new value is available and whether the return is positive or negative.
• When the specified benchmark return type is a benchmark symbol, the indicator displays the requested symbol's returns in the separate pane as a gray line for visual comparison.
• Within the separate pane, the indicator displays a single-cell table that shows the base period it uses for periodic returns, the number of periods it uses in the calculation, the timeframe of the requested data, and the calculated Sharpe and Sortino ratios.
• The Data Window displays the chart symbol and benchmark returns, their periodic averages, and the Sharpe and Sortino ratios.
█ FOR Pine Script™ CODERS
• This script utilizes the functions from our RiskMetrics library to determine the size of the periods, calculate and collect periodic returns, and compute the Sharpe and Sortino ratios.
• The `getAlignedPrices()` function in this script requests price data for the chart's symbol and a benchmark symbol with consistent time alignment by utilizing spread symbols , which helps facilitate a fair comparison between different symbol types. Retrieving prices from spreads avoids potential information loss and data misalignment that can otherwise occur when using separate requests from each symbol's context when those symbols have different sessions or data times.
• For consistency, the `getAlignedPrices()` function includes extended hours and dividend adjustment modifiers in its data requests. Additionally, it includes other settings inherited from the chart's context, such as "settlement-as-close" preferences for fair comparison between futures instruments.
• This script uses the `changePercent()` function from our ta library to calculate the percentage changes of the requested data.
• The newly released `force_overlay` parameter in display-related functions allows indicators to display visuals on the main chart and a separate pane simultaneously. We use the parameter in this script's bgcolor() call to display background highlights on the main chart.
Look first. Then leap.
RiskMetrics█ OVERVIEW
This library is a tool for Pine programmers that provides functions for calculating risk-adjusted performance metrics on periodic price returns. The calculations used by this library's functions closely mirror those the Broker Emulator uses to calculate strategy performance metrics (e.g., Sharpe and Sortino ratios) without depending on strategy-specific functionality.
█ CONCEPTS
Returns, risk, and volatility
The return on an investment is the relative gain or loss over a period, often expressed as a percentage. Investment returns can originate from several sources, including capital gains, dividends, and interest income. Many investors seek the highest returns possible in the quest for profit. However, prudent investing and trading entails evaluating such returns against the associated risks (i.e., the uncertainty of returns and the potential for financial losses) for a clearer perspective on overall performance and sustainability.
One way investors and analysts assess the risk of an investment is by analyzing its volatility , i.e., the statistical dispersion of historical returns. Investors often use volatility in risk estimation because it provides a quantifiable way to gauge the expected extent of fluctuation in returns. Elevated volatility implies heightened uncertainty in the market, which suggests higher expected risk. Conversely, low volatility implies relatively stable returns with relatively minimal fluctuations, thus suggesting lower expected risk. Several risk-adjusted performance metrics utilize volatility in their calculations for this reason.
Risk-free rate
The risk-free rate represents the rate of return on a hypothetical investment carrying no risk of financial loss. This theoretical rate provides a benchmark for comparing the returns on a risky investment and evaluating whether its excess returns justify the risks. If an investment's returns are at or below the theoretical risk-free rate or the risk premium is below a desired amount, it may suggest that the returns do not compensate for the extra risk, which might be a call to reassess the investment.
Since the risk-free rate is a theoretical concept, investors often utilize proxies for the rate in practice, such as Treasury bills and other government bonds. Conventionally, analysts consider such instruments "risk-free" for a domestic holder, as they are a form of government obligation with a low perceived likelihood of default.
The average yield on short-term Treasury bills, influenced by economic conditions, monetary policies, and inflation expectations, has historically hovered around 2-3% over the long term. This range also aligns with central banks' inflation targets. As such, one may interpret a value within this range as a minimum proxy for the risk-free rate, as it may correspond to the minimum rate required to maintain purchasing power over time.
The built-in Sharpe and Sortino ratios that strategies calculate and display in the Performance Summary tab use a default risk-free rate of 2%, and the metrics in this library's example code use the same default rate. Users can adjust this value to fit their analysis needs.
Risk-adjusted performance
Risk-adjusted performance metrics gauge the effectiveness of an investment by considering its returns relative to the perceived risk. They aim to provide a more well-rounded picture of performance by factoring in the level of risk taken to achieve returns. Investors can utilize such metrics to help determine whether the returns from an investment justify the risks and make informed decisions.
The two most commonly used risk-adjusted performance metrics are the Sharpe ratio and the Sortino ratio.
1. Sharpe ratio
The Sharpe ratio , developed by Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe, measures the performance of an investment compared to a theoretically risk-free asset, adjusted for the investment risk. The ratio uses the following formula:
Sharpe Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑎
Where:
• 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment
• 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return
• 𝜎𝑎 = Standard deviation of the investment's returns (volatility)
A higher Sharpe ratio indicates a more favorable risk-adjusted return, as it signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in total perceived risk.
2. Sortino ratio
The Sortino ratio is a modified form of the Sharpe ratio that only considers downside volatility , i.e., the volatility of returns below the theoretical risk-free benchmark. Although it shares close similarities with the Sharpe ratio, it can produce very different values, especially when the returns do not have a symmetrical distribution, since it does not penalize upside and downside volatility equally. The ratio uses the following formula:
Sortino Ratio = (𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑓) / 𝜎𝑑
Where:
• 𝑅𝑎 = Average return of the investment
• 𝑅𝑓 = Theoretical risk-free rate of return
• 𝜎𝑑 = Downside deviation (standard deviation of negative excess returns, or downside volatility)
The Sortino ratio offers an alternative perspective on an investment's return-generating efficiency since it does not consider upside volatility in its calculation. A higher Sortino ratio signifies that the investment produced higher excess returns per unit of increase in perceived downside risk.
█ CALCULATIONS
Return period detection
Calculating risk-adjusted performance metrics requires collecting returns across several periods of a given size. Analysts may use different period sizes based on the context and their preferences. However, two widely used standards are monthly or daily periods, depending on the available data and the investment's duration. The built-in ratios displayed in the Strategy Tester utilize returns from either monthly or daily periods in their calculations based on the following logic:
• Use monthly returns if the history of closed trades spans at least two months.
• Use daily returns if the trades span at least two days but less than two months.
• Do not calculate the ratios if the trade data spans fewer than two days.
This library's `detectPeriod()` function applies related logic to available chart data rather than trade data to determine which period is appropriate:
• It returns true if the chart's data spans at least two months, indicating that it's sufficient to use monthly periods.
• It returns false if the chart's data spans at least two days but not two months, suggesting the use of daily periods.
• It returns na if the length of the chart's data covers less than two days, signifying that the data is insufficient for meaningful ratio calculations.
It's important to note that programmers should only call `detectPeriod()` from a script's global scope or within the outermost scope of a function called from the global scope, as it requires the time value from the first bar to accurately measure the amount of time covered by the chart's data.
Collecting periodic returns
This library's `getPeriodicReturns()` function tracks price return data within monthly or daily periods and stores the periodic values in an array . It uses a `detectPeriod()` call as the condition to determine whether each element in the array represents the return over a monthly or daily period.
The `getPeriodicReturns()` function has two overloads. The first overload requires two arguments and outputs an array of monthly or daily returns for use in the `sharpe()` and `sortino()` methods. To calculate these returns:
1. The `percentChange` argument should be a series that represents percentage gains or losses. The values can be bar-to-bar return percentages on the chart timeframe or percentages requested from a higher timeframe.
2. The function compounds all non-na `percentChange` values within each monthly or daily period to calculate the period's total return percentage. When the `percentChange` represents returns from a higher timeframe, ensure the requested data includes gaps to avoid compounding redundant values.
3. After a period ends, the function queues the compounded return into the array , removing the oldest element from the array when its size exceeds the `maxPeriods` argument.
The resulting array represents the sequence of closed returns over up to `maxPeriods` months or days, depending on the available data.
The second overload of the function includes an additional `benchmark` parameter. Unlike the first overload, this version tracks and collects differences between the `percentChange` and the specified `benchmark` values. The resulting array represents the sequence of excess returns over up to `maxPeriods` months or days. Passing this array to the `sharpe()` and `sortino()` methods calculates generalized Information ratios , which represent the risk-adjustment performance of a sequence of returns compared to a risky benchmark instead of a risk-free rate. For consistency, ensure the non-na times of the `benchmark` values align with the times of the `percentChange` values.
Ratio methods
This library's `sharpe()` and `sortino()` methods respectively calculate the Sharpe and Sortino ratios based on an array of returns compared to a specified annual benchmark. Both methods adjust the annual benchmark based on the number of periods per year to suit the frequency of the returns:
• If the method call does not include a `periodsPerYear` argument, it uses `detectPeriod()` to determine whether the returns represent monthly or daily values based on the chart's history. If monthly, the method divides the `annualBenchmark` value by 12. If daily, it divides the value by 365.
• If the method call does specify a `periodsPerYear` argument, the argument's value supersedes the automatic calculation, facilitating custom benchmark adjustments, such as dividing by 252 when analyzing collected daily stock returns.
When the array passed to these methods represents a sequence of excess returns , such as the result from the second overload of `getPeriodicReturns()`, use an `annualBenchmark` value of 0 to avoid comparing those excess returns to a separate rate.
By default, these methods only calculate the ratios on the last available bar to minimize their resource usage. Users can override this behavior with the `forceCalc` parameter. When the value is true , the method calculates the ratio on each call if sufficient data is available, regardless of the bar index.
Look first. Then leap.
█ FUNCTIONS & METHODS
This library contains the following functions:
detectPeriod()
Determines whether the chart data has sufficient coverage to use monthly or daily returns
for risk metric calculations.
Returns: (bool) `true` if the period spans more than two months, `false` if it otherwise spans more
than two days, and `na` if the data is insufficient.
getPeriodicReturns(percentChange, maxPeriods)
(Overload 1 of 2) Tracks periodic return percentages and queues them into an array for ratio
calculations. The span of the chart's historical data determines whether the function uses
daily or monthly periods in its calculations. If the chart spans more than two months,
it uses "1M" periods. Otherwise, if the chart spans more than two days, it uses "1D"
periods. If the chart covers less than two days, it does not store changes.
Parameters:
percentChange (float) : (series float) The change percentage. The function compounds non-na values from each
chart bar within monthly or daily periods to calculate the periodic changes.
maxPeriods (simple int) : (simple int) The maximum number of periodic returns to store in the returned array.
Returns: (array) An array containing the overall percentage changes for each period, limited
to the maximum specified by `maxPeriods`.
getPeriodicReturns(percentChange, benchmark, maxPeriods)
(Overload 2 of 2) Tracks periodic excess return percentages and queues the values into an
array. The span of the chart's historical data determines whether the function uses
daily or monthly periods in its calculations. If the chart spans more than two months,
it uses "1M" periods. Otherwise, if the chart spans more than two days, it uses "1D"
periods. If the chart covers less than two days, it does not store changes.
Parameters:
percentChange (float) : (series float) The change percentage. The function compounds non-na values from each
chart bar within monthly or daily periods to calculate the periodic changes.
benchmark (float) : (series float) The benchmark percentage to compare against `percentChange` values.
The function compounds non-na values from each bar within monthly or
daily periods and subtracts the results from the compounded `percentChange` values to
calculate the excess returns. For consistency, ensure this series has a similar history
length to the `percentChange` with aligned non-na value times.
maxPeriods (simple int) : (simple int) The maximum number of periodic excess returns to store in the returned array.
Returns: (array) An array containing monthly or daily excess returns, limited
to the maximum specified by `maxPeriods`.
method sharpeRatio(returnsArray, annualBenchmark, forceCalc, periodsPerYear)
Calculates the Sharpe ratio for an array of periodic returns.
Callable as a method or a function.
Namespace types: array
Parameters:
returnsArray (array) : (array) An array of periodic return percentages, e.g., returns over monthly or
daily periods.
annualBenchmark (float) : (series float) The annual rate of return to compare against `returnsArray` values. When
`periodsPerYear` is `na`, the function divides this value by 12 to calculate a
monthly benchmark if the chart's data spans at least two months or 365 for a daily
benchmark if the data otherwise spans at least two days. If `periodsPerYear`
has a specified value, the function divides the rate by that value instead.
forceCalc (bool) : (series bool) If `true`, calculates the ratio on every call. Otherwise, ratio calculation
only occurs on the last available bar. Optional. The default is `false`.
periodsPerYear (simple int) : (simple int) If specified, divides the annual rate by this value instead of the value
determined by the time span of the chart's data.
Returns: (float) The Sharpe ratio, which estimates the excess return per unit of total volatility.
method sortinoRatio(returnsArray, annualBenchmark, forceCalc, periodsPerYear)
Calculates the Sortino ratio for an array of periodic returns.
Callable as a method or a function.
Namespace types: array
Parameters:
returnsArray (array) : (array) An array of periodic return percentages, e.g., returns over monthly or
daily periods.
annualBenchmark (float) : (series float) The annual rate of return to compare against `returnsArray` values. When
`periodsPerYear` is `na`, the function divides this value by 12 to calculate a
monthly benchmark if the chart's data spans at least two months or 365 for a daily
benchmark if the data otherwise spans at least two days. If `periodsPerYear`
has a specified value, the function divides the rate by that value instead.
forceCalc (bool) : (series bool) If `true`, calculates the ratio on every call. Otherwise, ratio calculation
only occurs on the last available bar. Optional. The default is `false`.
periodsPerYear (simple int) : (simple int) If specified, divides the annual rate by this value instead of the value
determined by the time span of the chart's data.
Returns: (float) The Sortino ratio, which estimates the excess return per unit of downside
volatility.
Metrics using Alternative Portfolio TheoryLibrary "APT_Metrics"
Portfolio metrics using alternative portfolio theory
metrics(init, cur, start, end, alpha)
Calculates APT metrics
Parameters:
init (float) : Starting Equity (strategy.initial)
cur (float)
start (int) : Start date (UNIX)
end (int) : End Date (UNIX)
alpha (float) : Confidence interval for DaR/CDaR. Defval = 0.05
Returns: Plots table with APT metrics
The metrics are shown in the bottom pane being applied to a buy-and-hold strategy.
PLEASE NOTE: This is the first draft of the library. Some calculations may be incorrect. If you spot any mistakes then please let me know and I will correct them as soon as possible. I am also open to suggestions on how to improve this.
At the moment this only works on the daily timeframe until I can find a way to universally calculate annualized volatility.
StDev BandsThis is a "bands"-type indicator. It was developed out of my Sharpe Ratio indicator . It uses the standard deviation of returns as basis for drawing the bands. I'm going to update this indicator as the other indicator evolves. Please be sure you know how to calculate Sharpe Ratio and check out the Sharpe Ratio indicator as well. This will help you understand the purpose of this indicator a bit more.
As a very short introduction. Many investors use the standard deviation of returns as risk measurement . I admit the defaults of this indicator aren't perfect. Normally investors use the standard deviation over a 1 year period. Traditional finance uses 265 days, and because crypto never sleeps, we could use 365. I defaulted it to 20.
Linear Regression Relative Strength[image/x/iZvwDWEY/
Relative Strength indicator comparing the current symbol to SPY (or any other benchmark). It may help to pick the right assets to complement the portfolio build around core ETFs such as SPY.
The general idea is to show if the current symbol outperforms or underperforms the benchmark (SPY by default) when bought some certain time ago. Relative performance is displayed as percent and is calculated for three different time ranges - short (1 mo by default), mid (1 quarter), and long (half a year). To smooth the volatility, the script uses linear regression to estimate the trend and takes the start and the end points of the linear regression line to compute the relative strength.
It is important to remember that the script shows the gain relative to SPY (or other selected benchmark), not the asset's gain. Therefore, it may indicate that the asset is profitable, but it still may lose value if SPY is in downtrend.
Therefore, it is crucial to check other indicators before making a decision. In the example above, standard linear regression for one quarter is used to indicate the direction of the trend.
Multi-Asset PortfolioWith thanks to luminaryfi for this indicator calculates basic metrics and statistics for a multi-asset portfolio. Note that returns are plotted after being multiplied by 100 in order allow the series to be visible against the other statistics.
Portfolio Metrics = α(Jensen's), β, CAPM(Ra), Sharpe, TreynorPortfolio Metrics...
Standard Deviation
Jensen's Alpha
Beta
Expected Return (CAPM, Ra)
Sharpe Ratio
Treynor Ratio
Alpha strategyUSE ON DAILY TIMEFRAME TO DETECT MOMO STOCKS & ETFs AND TRADE THEM
This Strategy goes long when Sharpe Ratio is > 1 and Alpha against the S&P500 is generated. It exits when conditions break away. Strategy can be adapted to run intraday, it however needs different (lower) trigger levels.
examples to try this on: GER30, NAS100, JPN225, AAPL, IBB, TSLA, etc.
Trailing Sharpe RatioThe Sharpe ratio allows you to see whether or not an investment has historically provided a return appropriate to its risk level. A Sharpe ratio above one is acceptable, above 2 is good, and above 3 is excellent. A Sharpe ratio less than one would indicate that an investment has not returned a high enough return to justify the risk of holding it. Interesting in this example, SPY's one year avg Sharpe ratio is above 3. This would mean on average SPY returns 3x better returns than the risk associated with holding it, implying there is some sort of underlying value to the investment.
When the sharpe ratio is above its signal, this implies the investment is currently outperforming compared to its typical return, below the signal means the investment is currently under performing. A negative Shape would mean that the investment has not provided a positive return, and may be a possible short candidate.
