Logarithmic Bollinger BandsLogarithmic Bollinger Bands
Published by Eric Thies on January 14, 2022
Summary
In this script I have taken the standard Bollinger band pinescript and made efforts to eliminate the behavior experienced in periods of high volatility in which we see the bands disappear completely off the chart by adding exponential plotting and logarithmic sourcing to the tool.
This tool will also show periods of Bearish and Bullish Expansion for users to see when volatility is running high in the market.
More On Bollinger Bands
Bollinger Bands consist of a center line representing the moving average of a security’s price over a certain period, and two additional parallel lines (called the upper and lower trading bands) one of which is just the moving average plus k-times the standard deviation over the selected time frame, and the other being the moving average minus k-times the standard deviation over that same timeframe. This technique has been developed in the 1980’s by John Bollinger, who lately registered the terms “Bollinger Bands” as a U.S. trademark in 2011. Technical analysts typically use 20 periods and k = 2 as default settings to build Bollinger Bands, while they can choose a simple or exponential moving average. Bollinger Bands provide a relative definition of high and low prices of a security. When the security is trading within the upper band, the price is considered high, while it is considered low when the security is trading within the lower band.
There is no general consensus on the use of Bollinger Bands among traders. Some traders see a buy signal when the price hits the lower Bollinger Band and close their position when the price hits the moving average. Some others buy when the price crosses over the upper band and sell when the price crosses below the lower band. We can see here two opposing interpretations based on different rationales, depending whether we are in a reversal or continuation pattern. Another interesting feature of the Bollinger Bands is that they give an indication of the volatility levels; a widening gap between the upper and lower bands indicates an increasing volatility, while a narrowing band indicates a decreasing volatility. Moreover, when the bands have an almost flat slope (parallel to the x-axis) the price will generally oscillate between the bands as if trading through a channel.
// © 2022 KINGTHIES THIS SOURCE CODE IS SUBJECT TO TERMS OF MOZILLA PUBLIC LICENSE 2.0 (MOZILLA.ORG/MPL/2.0)
//@version=5
//## !<---------------- © KINGTHIES --------------------->
indicator('Logarithmic Bollinger Bands (kingthies)',shorttitle='LogBands_KT',overlay=true)
// { BBANDS
src = math.log(input(close,title="Source"))
lenX = input(20,title='lenX')
highlights = input(false,title="Highlight Bear and Bull Expansions?")
mult = 2
bbandBasis = ta.sma(src,lenX)
dev = 2 * ta.stdev(src, 20)
upperBB = bbandBasis + dev
lowerBB = bbandBasis - dev
bbw = (upperBB-lowerBB)/bbandBasis
bbr = (src - lowerBB)/(upperBB - lowerBB)
// }
// { BBAND EXPANSIONS
bullExp= ta.rising(upperBB,1) and ta.falling(lowerBB,1) and ta.rising(bbandBasis,1) and ta.rising(bbw,1) and ta.rising(bbr,1)
bearExp= ta.rising(upperBB,1) and ta.falling(lowerBB,1) and ta.falling(bbandBasis,1) and ta.rising(bbw,1) and ta.falling(bbr,1)
// }
// { COLORS
greenBG = color.rgb(9,121,105,75), redBG = color.rgb(136,8,8,75)
bullCol = highlights and bullExp ? greenBG : na, bearCol = highlights and bearExp ? redBG : na
// }
// { INDICATOR PLOTTING
lowBB=plot(math.exp(lowerBB),title='Low Band',color=color.aqua),plot(math.exp(bbandBasis),title='BBand Basis',color=color.red),
highBB=plot(math.exp(upperBB),title='High Band',color=color.aqua),fill(lowBB,highBB,title='Band Fill Color',color=color.rgb(0,128,128,75))
bgcolor(bullCol,title='Bullish Expansion Highlights'),bgcolor(bearCol,title='Bearish Expansion Highlights')
// }
LOGARITHMIC
Universal logarithmic growth curves, with support and resistanceLogarithmic regression is used to model data where growth or decay accelerates rapidly at first and then slows over time. This model is for the long term series data (such as 10 years time span).
The user can consider entering the market when the price below 25% or 5% confidence and consider take profit when the price goes above 75% or 95% confidence line.
This script is:
- Designed to be usable in all tickers. (not only for bitcoin now!)
- Logarithmic regression and shows support-resistance level
- Shape of lines are all linear adjustable
- Height difference of levels and zones are customizable
- Support and resistance levels are highlighted
Input panel:
- Steps of drawing: Won't change it unless there are display problems.
- Resistance, support, other level color: self-explanatory.
- Stdev multipliers: A constant variable to adjust regression boundaries.
- Fib level N: Base on the relative position of top line and base line. If you don't want all fib levels, you might set all fib levels = 0.5.
- Linear lift up: vertically lift up the whole set of lines. By linear multiplication.
- Curvature constant: It is the base value of the exponential transform before converting it back to the chart and plotting it. A bigger base value will make a more upward curvy line.
FAQ:
Q: How to use it?
A: Click "Fx" in your chart then search this script to get it into your chart. Then right click the price axis, then select "Logarithmic" scale to show the curves probably.
Q: Why release this script?
A: - This script is intended to to fix the current issues of bitcoins growth curve script, and to provide a better version of the logarithmic curve, which is not only for bitcoin , but for all kinds of tickers.
- In the public library there is a hardcoded logarithmic growth curve by @quantadelic . But unfortunately that curve was hardcoded by his manual inputs, which makes the curve stop updating its value since 2019 the date he publish that code. Many users of that script love using it but they realize it was stop updating, many users out there based on @quantadelic version of "bitcoin logarithmic growth curves" and they tried their best to update the coordinates with their own hardcode input values. Eventually, a lot of redundant hardcoded "Bitcoin growth curve" scripts was born in the public library. Which is not a good thing.
Q: What about looking at the regression result with a log scale price axis?
A: You can use this script that I published in a year ago. This script display the result in a log scale price axis.
Logarithmic Trend ChannelThis indicator automatically draws a regression channel plotted on logarithmic scale from the first quotation.
This model is useful for the long term series data (such as 10 or 20 years time span).
The Pearson correlation measures the strength of the linear relationship between two variables. It has a value between to 1, with a value of 0 meaning no correlation, and + 1 meaning a total positive correlation.
Logarithmic price scales are a type of scale used on a chart, plotted such that two equivalent price changes are represented by the same vertical changes on the scale.
They differ from linear price scales because they display percentage points and not dollar price increases for a stock.
Technical issues
*The user have to pan over the chart from the beginning to the end of the study range (such as 10 years of bars) so the pine script could generate those lines on the chart.
*If on the chart the number of bar is less than the lookback period, it won't generate any lines as well.
KURD_TRADE Bitcoin Fibonacci Log Regressionthis indicatore show fibonacci logarithmic regression for BITCOIN and we can analyse the crypto market with it.
JC Log($/SMA)Simple script with user-definable:
• SMA denominator days.
• A handy and subtle smoothing function for the numerator, in EMA days. Set to 0 to just use the standard current price. (Defaults to 3 for barely noticeable lag and smoothing.)
• User-definable time resolution, independent of the chart. (Or you can set to use the same as the chart.)
Logarithmic MACD ©KGRThis is a logarithmic MACD that comes with several advantages over the standard MACD.
Benefits: L MACD ©KGR vs Standard MACD
Normalized over longer time periods: LMACD: Yes - standard: No
Visual cues for tops: LMACD: Yes - standard: No
Visual cues for bottoms: LMACD: Yes - standard: No
Visual cues for crossing bull/bear LMACD: Yes - standard: No
Automatic divergence indicators LMACD: Yes - standard: No
Aligns with the total KGR suite highlighting confluence: LMACD: Yes - standard: No
KG Research focuses on developing crypto and general macro indicators.
Please like, follow and share to show your appreciation and support.
the KG Research team.
Price Movement Trend By Alireza Phoenix (Logarithmic)hi Traders
This logarithmic indicator shows the price movement trend, which is designed based on logarithmic functions and moving averages.
The Price Movement Trend Display Composed By :
A leading line consisting of the natural logarithm of Running Moving Average with length 60 and Offset 20 , and is displayed in red line.
A signal line consisting of a natural logarithm of an exponential moving average of length 90 , and is displayed in green line.
A price line consisting of the natural logarithm of a simple moving average along 1 whose source is price close , and is displayed in blue line.
A hidden price line consisting of the natural logarithm of a simple moving average along 1 and its source being the highest and lowest average prices , and is displayed in maroon line.
Learning how to get a signal from the price Movement trend indicator:
Moving the signal line and breaking the leading line upwards to form a green cloud is a buy signal.
Moving the signal line and breaking the leading line downwards that forms a red cloud is a sell signal.
Moving the price line and breaking the trend cloud upward , is a buy signal
Moving the price line and breaking the trend cloud downwards , is a sell signal
My instagram id : @pnxf6
ترجمه فارسی :
سلام تریدرها
این اندیکاتور لگاریتمی ، نمایش دهنده روند حرکتی قیمت است ، که بر اساس توابع لگاریتمی و میانگین های متحرک قیمت طراحی شده است
این اندیکاتور تشکیل شده از :
یک خط پیشرو متشکل از لگاریتم طبیعی متحرک وزنی نمایی مورد استفاده درآر اس آی به طول 60 و انحراف 20 است
یک خط سیگنال متشکل از لگاریتم طبیعی میانگین متحرک نمایی با طول 90
یک خط قیمت که متشکل از لگاریتم طبیعی میانگین متحرک ساده در طول 1 که منبع آن بسته شدن قیمت است.
یک خط قیمت مخفی که متشکل از لگاریتم طبیعی میانگین متحرک ساده در طول 1 و منبع آن میانگین بالاترین و پایین ترین قیمت است
یک فضای ابری مابین خط پیشرو و خط سیگنال که که با "نمایش روند حرکت قیمت" مشخص شده و در رنگ های سبز و قرمز قابل مشاهده میباشد.
آموزش گرفتن سیگنال ازاندیکاتور نمایش روند قیمت :
حرکت خط سیگنال و شکستن خط پیشرو رو به بالا که تشکیل ابر سبز رنگ میدهد یک سیگنال خرید میباشد .
حرکت خط سیگنال و شکستن خط پیشرو رو به پایین که تشکیل ابر قرمز رنگ میدهد یک سیگنال فروش میباشد .
حرکت خط قیمت و شکستن ابر روند حرکت قیمت رو به بالا سیگنال خرید میباشد
حرکت خط قیمت و شکستن ابر روند حرکت قیمت رو به پایین سیگنال فروش میباشد.
LineGetPriceOnLogScaleLibrary "LineGetPriceOnLogScale"
This library provides a way to calculate the y-coordinate of a line on a specified bar when the chart scale is Log.
The built-in `line.get_price()` function only works with linear scale and gives incorrect results when the chart is in Log scale.
The library only works with `bar_index` values and `xloc.bar_index`-based lines, `time`-based lines will cause errors to appear.
coordGetPriceLog(x1, y1, x2, y2, xi) Calculates the y-coordinate on the specified bar on the logarithmic scale.
Only coordinates based on bar index are applicable, bar time will throw an error.
Parameters:
x1 : First X coordinate of a line, index of the bar where the line starts.
y1 : First Y coordinate of a line, price on the price scale.
x2 : Second X coordinate of a line, index of the bar where the line ends.
y2 : Second Y coordinate of a line, price on the price scale.
xi : Index of the bar for which the price should be calculated.
Returns: Price of the line on the bar specified in `xi`, on the logarithmic scale.
lineGetPriceLog(_line, xi) Calculates the y-coordinate on the specified bar for the logarithmic scale. Takes a line.
Only lines drawn based on `xloc.bar_index` are applicable, `xloc.bar_time` will throw and error.
Parameters:
_line : The line for which the price is calculated.
xi : Index of the bar for which the bar should calculate the price.
Returns: Price of the line on the bar specified in `xi`, on the logarithmic scale.
log-log Regression From ArraysCalculates a log-log regression from arrays. Due to line limits, for sets greater than the limit, only every nth value is plotted in order to cover the entire set.
Bitcoin Logarithmic Price BandsBitcoin has been trending up with time. Generally, Bitcoin has been following an increasing logarithmic path, as seen on the chart. This indicator tries to plot areas of buying or selling opportunity. The green area contains data from times when Bitcoin was extremely undervalued. The red area is calculated from times where Bitcoin was extremely overvalued. The logarithmic bands will increase with time, so the values are not static.
Generally speaking, buy when the price is in the green area and sell when the price is in the red area.
The model doesn’t contain ANY data from after November 2020. Nevertheless, it correctly predicted the area where Bitcoin topped in April 2021.
In addition, the yellow logarithmic band manages to indicate strong areas of support or resistance. So did it correctly indicate the top of the mid-cycle peak in 2013, the bottom after the first sell-off in Feb 2018, the 2019 top and at last the mid-cycle bear-market from May-June 2021.
This study will be updated once or twice per year to add new data to the calculation. This means that the logarithmic bands will look slightly different in the future compared to now. Nevertheless, the bands add valuable information on buying or selling opportunities in the market.
The indicator is only useable on the Bitcoin/Dollar index by Tradingview, weekly timeframe.
For access, please take a look at the "Author's Instructions" below.
Auto Phivots S/R [DM]Greetings colleagues
Today I share the classic pivot points indicator
Added options:
Standard levels
Fibonacci levels "up to 261'8"
Logarithmic scale option
//Pivot Points Standard
//Pivot Points Standard — is a technical indicator that is used to determine the levels
//at which price may face support or resistance. The Pivot Points indicator consists of
//a pivot point (PP) level and several support (S) and resistance (R) levels.
//
//Calculation
//PP, resistance and support values are calculated in different ways, depending on
//the type of the indicator, specified by the Type field in indicator inputs. To
//calculate PP and support/resistance levels, the values OPENcurr, OPENprev, HIGHprev,
//LOWprev, CLOSEprev are used, which are the values of the current open and previous
//open, high, low and close, respectively, on the indicator resolution. The indicator
//resolution is set by the input of the Pivots Timeframe. If the Pivots Timeframe is set
//to AUTO (the default value), then the increased resolution is determined by the
//following algorithm:
//
//for intraday resolutions up to and including 15 min, DAY (1D) is used
//for intraday resolutions more than 15 min, WEEK (1W) is used
//for daily resolutions MONTH is used (1M)
//for weekly and monthly resolutions, 12-MONTH (12M) is used
Bitcoin Logarithmic Fractal Growth Model By ARUDDThis model, which I'm calling the Logarithmic Fractal Growth Mode (L.F.G) , uses Bitcoin's mathematical monetary policy to evaluate the future possible price valuation.
It takes into account fractal (and logarithmic) growth as well as how those who hold bitcoins might react to certain events such as changes in supply and demand. It also shows that it is mathematically logical that someday it must become stable.
The information gained from knowing this helps people make more informed decisions when buying bitcoin and thinking of its future possibilities.
The model can serve as some type of general guideline for determining how much bitcoins should be worth in the future if it follows a certain path from its current price.
Modeling Bitcoin's money supply mathematically, and knowing that there is a finite number of them, makes this whole process much more rational than just thinking about the possibilities in pure subjective terms.
Before going any further I want to say that no one can know with absolute certainty what will happen to bitcoins price in the future, but using mathematics gives us an idea of where things are headed.
The results presented here are based on very reasonable assumptions for how bitcoin might continue to grow (and then level out) once there are over 21 million bitcoins in existence.
The model shows that bitcoin's price can never go down to zero (thus creating the "death spiral" phenomenon), and as such, bitcoin has an extremely high probability of becoming stable as it approaches infinity.
Conversely, this model also shows that at some point there is a high probability that bitcoin will not continue to grow exponentially forever.
Credit goes to Quantadelic for the awesome original script.
ARUDD
Auto Trendline & Breakout Alert(Linear / Log) Full-VersionContents
Overall Introduction
Does it repaint?
Features
Settings menu parameters
How to setup
Limits
Errors and Performance
Examples
Overall Introduction
This indicator is the best tool for breakout traders.
Drawing and evaluating the trend lines of multiple charts in different time frames is a very time-consuming and tedious task. In addition, being aware of breakouts in the shortest possible time requires constant monitoring.
With this tool, you can draw and classify trend lines in a fraction of a second and by placing an alert on any chart, you can receive notifications about breakouts, wherever you are.
The classification of trend lines is done based on the reaction of the price chart to the trend lines and the analysis of the trading volume.
This indicator is designed to reclassify trend lines with each reaction of the price chart. These lines are classified into 6 levels and these levels are distinguished by different colors. Thus, any touching or crossing of the price chart can make a difference.
Does it repaint?
Any tool that shows trend lines must repaint because trend lines are constantly changing. Some lines lose their strength and new ones are formed, so some lines should be removed and replaced with new lines and that means repainting.
The indicator should reflect the latest changes. So while repainting is a bad thing in a strategy, it is essential in this indicator.
This indicator is designed to reclassify trend lines with each reaction of the price chart. Thus, any touching or crossing of the price chart can make a difference.
Note that unlike alerts, breakout labels are not trading signals:
Breakout labels show the latest breakout for each level based on the lines that appear on the chart, so they may repaint or have delay.
But Alerts work differently, Alerts are triggered when one of the trend lines is broken and then the next candle is opened and has no any delay.
Features
This indicator is designed for use on both linear and logarithmic scales. It works linearly by default. If you are using a logarithmic chart, enter the settings menu and set the chart scale parameter to “Log”.
The indicator is equipped with the volume status tool to identify and avoid false breakouts. Note that you can't completely avoid false breakouts, but you can minimize risk and loss. I have already published volume status as a separate script.
Several filters are provided to customize alerts. You can limit alerts based on the level and strength of broken trend lines, volume status, and type of breakout (Cross-Over, Cross-Under, or both).
The last breakouts panel gives an overview of the current market situation. You can activate it in the settings menu. the figure below shows the panel:
Settings menu parameters
{Chart Scale …} =>
Set it according to the chart. If you are using a linear chart, select the "Linear" option or if you are using a logarithmic chart, select the "Log" option
{Max Operational Range Length ...} =>
This parameter specifies the number of candles processed by the indicator (By default, the last 1000 bars)
{Filter Out-Of-Range Lines} =>
The filter removes diverging or out-of-range lines and reduces the clutter of the chart
{Visible Trend Lines ...} =>
In this section you can specify which level of trend lines should be visible. Level 1 contains the strongest lines and level 6 contains the weakest.
{Alert Condition 01 _ Trendline Levels} =>
In this section, you can specify which level of trend lines will trigger an alert after the breakout. This section has been added to customize alerts.
{Alert Condition 02 _ Cross Type} =>
In this section, you can limit alerts based on the type of breakout (Cross-Over, Cross-Under or both). This section has been added to customize alerts.
{Alert Condition 03 _ Volume Status} =>
In this section, you can limit alerts by volume to avoid fake breakouts. This section has been added to customize alerts.
{Last Breakout Label} =>
In this section, you can enable or disable the last breakout labels.
{Panel} =>
In this section, you can enable or disable the last breakout panel or set its position on the chart.
How to setup
There are many parameters in the settings menu, but two are more important. One is “Chart Scale” and the other is the “Max Operational Range Length".
Set the “chart scale” parameter according to the chart, otherwise the trend lines drawn by the indicator do not match the price chart.
If you are using a linear chart, select the "Linear" option or if you are using a logarithmic chart, select the "Log" option.
Max Operational Range Length Limits the range of the price chart that is processed by the indicator.
By increasing this parameter:
The strength and durability of the trend lines increases.
The number of breakout signals decreases.
The importance of breakout signals increases.
The indicator processing load increases.
In the following figure, you can see the effects of increasing the “Max Operational Range Length" parameter:
Limits
Since this indicator makes extensive use of trading volume, it is necessary to use a chart with volume information.
But if the volume information is not provided by the vendor, indicator will continue to work based on the price chart only, and a warning message will be displayed below the chart to let you know.
Errors and Performance
The performance of this indicator depends on the “Max Operational Range Length” parameter in the settings menu because it performs calculations, within a range with the length of this parameter.
By increasing this parameter, the processing load increases. Sometimes you may encounter the following error: “Loop takes too long to execute (>200 ms)”
If you see this error, do one of the following:
Reduce the “Max Operational Range Length”.
Reset the indicator. To do this, double-click on the “Hide” button in front of the indicator name.
Examples
EURUSD (FX:EURUSD) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 1000, Filter: 2X
NASDAQ 100 (CME_MINI:NQ1!) - 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 700
GOLD (COMEX:GC1!) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 650, Filter: 2X
NATURAL GAS (NYMEX:NG1!) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 625, Filter: 4X
AMAZON (NASDAQ:AMZN) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 1750, Filter: 2X
APPLE INC (NASDAQ:AAPL) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 340, Filter: 4X
GBPUSD (FX:GBPUSD) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 1000, Filter: 3X
SILVER (COMEX:SI1!) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 550, Filter: 3X
BITCOIN (KUCOIN:BTCUSDT) – 4H // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 1250, Filter: 3X
MICROSOFT (NASDAQ:MSFT) – 1D // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 340, Filter: 4X
TOTAL (CRYPTOCAP:TOTAL) – 2H // Scale: Logarithmic, Max Range Length = 1075, Filter: 3X
Log Scale Linear RegressionThis indicator is basically the standard linear regression but adjusted to be suitable for log scale.
You can use 2 different standard deviation values, choose the data source and lookback length.
The colors are chosen directly on the main menu.
Enjoy!
Fiveral: Repulsion/Golden Radio HackAnother in a series of experimental indicators using logarithmic scale visualisation.
This one extends into some work on I've been doing on 'the cube', but Pine isn't liking multiple log lines even when the equations are included for each plotted variable, meaning, no variables used in the definition of a variable, as is done here. As a result, accuracy of this indicator can't be guaranteed between scales, or during use.
Have at it, and enjoy!
Repulsion: Price & Volume 1Repulsion: Price & Volume 1
www.quantamagazine.org
Proof of concept using the above link and comparisons of price and volume, and one of a series stemming from the so-called Repulsion Engine, now also open sourced, and other indicators from the workbench.
Traffic lights are not accurate.
Like it if you use it, drop a line if you update it -- or if you have comments about how to improve it.
Log MACDThis is just a MACD indicator using the log of the closing price rather than the normal closing price. Useful for exponentially growing stocks and cryptocurrency.
[FTA] Logarithmic MACD with Regular and Hidden DivergencesThis is a highly stable, volatility adaptive, Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) that uses a modified calculation based on improved logarithmic measurements of the momentum.
1- This MACD provides the trader with most accurate detection of divergences, both regular and hidden ones, and shows them on the MACD Histogram.
2- Furthermore, the MACD/Signal divergences are also easily detectable (unlike the regular MACD which often does not provide accurate divergences; see the screenshot for comparison).
3- Finally, due to some different calculation methods, this MACD, unlike the regular MACD, is highly stable in higher time frames even in the most volatile markets (such as BTC, ETH, ADA, etc...) and thus can easily be utilized for the market prediction state in the crypto (see the screenshot for comparison).
Use it and let me know what you think about it in comparison to regular MACD!
Valero Logarithmic RegressionBTCUSD Logarithmic Regression
Inspired by: trolololo & Über Holger.
Make sure you have "log" and "auto" turned ON!
BLUE: BUY!
GREEN: ACCUMULATE
YELLOW: HODL!
ORANGE: FOMO / IS THIS A BUBBLE?
LIGHT RED: SELL!
RED: MAXIMUM BUBBLE TERRITORY
My new BTC log curveThis is my new logarithmic regression curve to the USD/BTC price chart. It is based on a new, very simple equation: y = (e^b)*(x^a), where x is number of days since the Genesis block, a and b are parameters set by the user. Also included is an upper regression curve that is fit to the peaks of each Bitcoin cycle; no fundamental analysis went into making these lines, they are merely fits to the data, so it should not be expected that they can be used to predict tops and bottoms. The upper regression curve is the product of the support curve (lower curve) and two other factors: a constant, and an exponential decay. The constant and the decay factors are parameters that can be set by the user.
Logarithmic Trend lineLogarithmic Trend line is used to model data where growth or decay accelerates rapidly at first and then slows over time.
This model is for the long term series data (such as 10 or 20 years time span).
Technical issues
*The user have to pan over the chart from the beginning to the end of the study range (such as 10 years of bars) so the pine script could generate those lines on the chart.
*If on the chart the number of bar is less than the lookback period, it won't generate any lines as well.
